SC2000 System Controller for Automating Radiated Immunity Testing

Systems designed to test for RF susceptibility contain several interconnected RF devices. By necessity, most of these test systems are configured as dynamic turnkey solutions that address more than one of the ever-changing EMC standards. Considering the complexity of the newer EMC standards coupled with the Equipment Under Test (EUT) complexity, the mechanics of simply “running” a standard test can be daunting. While theoretically, one can manually conduct the required immunity tests manually, the amount of time and effort involved is so staggering; manual operation is only feasible when initially configuring a test system, when troubleshooting a system malfunction, or when unique tests are required. The only viable option to this testing dilemma is automating the tests by using a software-driven RF test system controller that provides signal routing through RF switches. While productivity is increased markedly, as a significant decrease in the time required to perform EMC tests, significant benefits also include accuracy and repeatability.

AR RF/Microwave Instrumentation has developed the SC2000 series of RF test system controllers to address the need for flexible automated systems. The SC2000 switch control platform is designed for a multitude of switching applications in RF systems. Each of the main chassis is equipped with five (5), rear-facing, user-configurable slots. Individual slots or groups of slots can be populated with a variety of SCM series RF switch modules.

The Model SC2000 can be fiber-optically combined with up to seven (7) model SCX2000 expansion units. The model SCX2000 is mechanically identical to the model SC2000 but does not contain a control panel. Instead, control is provided by the connected model SC2000.

For backward compatibility with the legacy model SC1000, the model SCP2000 was created. This model provides identical switch configuration and operation to the legacy model SC1000 and its modifications (M1– M5).

These switch controller systems can be controlled manually, using the provided color LCD touch display, or remotely, using any of the four provided remote ports (USB, GPIB, RS-232, and Ethernet).

System interlock capability is provided on the Models SC2000 and SCP2000 by sensing switch closures on three independent inputs. Three separate user-definable configurations are provided for times when interlock switch closures are not sensed.

A user-defined “safe” configuration is also provided for use during signal re-routing to assure cold switching of any attached amplifiers and loads. In addition to the three interlock configurations and single “safe” configuration, eight (8) user configurations can be saved and recalled for ease of use in complex systems. This application note details the various uses and configurations of the SC2000 series.

A positive 24 VDC signal along with four (4) open drain outputs and four (4) digital outputs (TTL) are supplied for applications such as external switch/relay control.

Benefits of Automation

The SC2000 System controller has many features built into its design that provide a significant increase in overall productivity, as well as improved test quality and repeatability, thereby providing a considerable savings in time and cost.

• One of the biggest cost and time savers is the ability to automatically switch one power meter with two power heads to monitor up to four dual directional couplers. The alternative manual approach requires the use of four dual channel power meters with eight power heads permanently attached to the directional couplers, or just use one power meter and physically move the power heads between the directional couplers each time frequency bands are switched. Since directional couplers are often inconveniently located for manual switching, this latter approach can be quite cumbersome.
• The trend toward higher frequency testing has mandated the use of expensive, high quality, low loss RF cables to reduce signal attenuation. Unlike standard RF cables, precision low loss cables are susceptible to damage resulting from repeated movement and reconnections. Since the physical configuration of an automated system is fixed, the integrity and life expectancy of these expensive precision RF cables is assured.
• Since system reconfiguration between frequency bands is either reduced or totally eliminated, the focus of attention is shifted from the system setup to monitoring the EUT, improving test repeatability.
• Given that signal generators can be switched at will, the system can use generators designed for specific frequency ranges instead of a single expensive broadband generator that covers the entire frequency range. In this situation, a few narrower band signal generators may prove less costly than one that covers all test frequencies.
• The SC2000 not only supports internal coaxial switches, but it can control external RF switches with its series of open collector outputs. In some applications, external switches are necessary when very high-power RF is involved or when it is desirable to physically move the position of a switch to a remote location removed from the system controller.
• By reducing or totally eliminating the need to manually change RF connections and switch antennas, a considerable amount of time is saved, as well as reducing test quality concerns.
• Training of test engineers and technicians is greatly simplified using automated setup routines. Automation provides more consistent test results over time, minimizing the impact that individual test personnel have on the test outcome. Repeatability is thus assured.
• Since the RF cables are not physically handled, they can be permanently configured in the most efficient manner, thus reducing lab clutter. Also, the absence of RF cables running across the floor and dangling from ceilings improves the operational safety of the lab.
• There is always a risk of equipment damage when conducting an EMC test if a damaged RF cable shorts out the system or if an incorrect load or no load is applied. Such setup errors are all but eliminated by automating the test system.

Figure 1 is an example of an EMC test setup in its most basic form. Note that there is only one RF path and thus, no RF switching is required.

In Figure 1 the diagram clearly demonstrates the need for additional RF devices to accommodate the higher frequency requirements of today’s EMC standards. The burden of additional test equipment as well as the requirement of multiple RF paths can be mitigated using RF switching. At the very minimum, this system would benefit from the addition of two RF switches.

1. The signal generator output can be routed to different RF amplifiers as required.
2. The output of either of the two lower frequency amplifiers can be applied to the single log periodic antenna.

This is just the beginning of the possible productivity improvements an automated switching matrix provides. By adding just two more switches the requirement for three power meters with six power heads is reduced to a single power meter with two power heads.

3. Power head 1 on a single dual power meter can be switched between the forward power ports on all the directional couplers.
4. Power head 2 on the same dual power meter can switch between the reverse power port on all the directional couplers.

While four RF switches seem appropriate for the typical setup shown in Figure 2, additional switches are required for more complex systems. For example, a more complex system would be one where one or more amplifiers need to be switched between two antennas rather than just one, or if the EMC test includes a receiver or spectrum analyzer for emissions testing. As a general rule the more complex the test, the greater the need for RF switching. When configuring an RF system controller, it is best to think ahead and plan for all possible test scenarios to ensure that all conceivable EMC tests can be fully automated.

Designing an RF Switch Matrix

The design of an RF switch matrix is directly influenced by the RF equipment that is to be switched and is limited by the specs of the coaxial switches selected. The key parameters are frequency range, Max RF power rating, and insertion loss.

How RF device’s impact RF switch matrix:

• Signal generator – Power is not a concern with this RF device since the output of a signal generator is low level RF. The important consideration is the frequency range of the generator.
• RF Amplifier – Since RF amplifiers are used to amplify the low-level RF output of the signal generator, both frequency range and power output must be considered. These specifications will dictate what RF switches can be used or even if a switch is available.
• Antenna – While the frequency range and power handling capability are of importance since the antenna will be sized to accommodate both the frequency range and output power of the power amplifier, these antenna characteristics however do not directly affect the switching matrix.
• Directional couplers – Since the switch matrix interfaces with the low power signal available at the coupling ports, the only specification that affects RF switch matrix design is frequency range.

From the above review of RF device impact on the RF switch matrix, the two specifications that are key in the selection of RF switches are frequency and power rating. RF switches are limited by theirf coaxial connectors, which are specified for both maximum frequency of operation as well as their power handling capability. Power rating is generally provided at the lower frequency limits with a de-rating curve applied as operating frequency increases. In general, the power handling capability is proportional to connector size and the frequency capability is inversely proportional to size.

For example, a relatively small SMA connector can operate up to 26 GHz with a power rating of 200 watts at 1 GHz while a larger standard Type N connector peaks out at 18 GHz but can tolerate 1000 watts at 1 GHz.

The SC2000 system controller provides switching matrices from DC to 40 GHz at powers ranging from 25 –1200 watts. Higher power and/or higher frequency applications are generally resolved by use of RF devices with waveguide connectors. Since waveguides are very frequency dependent with little overlap between sizes, RF switching is difficult or even unavailable in most cases. For these higher power, higher frequency applications it is best to dedicate antennas to each amplifier. When the frequency does not warrant waveguide connectors, but the power exceeds the capabilities of the SC2000, larger external coaxial switches must be used. As noted above, the SC2000 has a number of open collector outputs and a switchable +24VDC signal that can be used to control these remote high-power switches.

SC2000 Switch Matrix Configuration Scenarios:

Example 1:
The goal is to setup a complete system for CE mark testing to meet: IEC 61000-4-3/DO-160 Radiated immunity @ 18V/m from 80 MHz to 18 GHz IEC 61000-4-6 Conducted immunity @ 10V from150 kHz to 80 MHz CISPR 22 Emissions (See Fig. 3 for system diagram)

Equipment selection:
Signal generators

• Broadband signal generator, 9 kHz – 18 GHz

Power amplifiers

• 125A250 RF solid state amplifier, 125 Watts min, 10 kHz – 250 MHz
• 250W1000C RF solid state amplifier, 250 Watts min, 80 MHz – 1 GHz
• 60S1G6 Microwave solid state amplifier, 60 Watts min, 0.8 GHz – 6 GHz
• 20S6G18-L Microwave solid state amplifier, 20 Watts min, 6 GHz – 18 GHz

Dual directional couplers

• DC2600A, 600 Watts Max, 10 kHz - 250 MHz
• DC6080A, 500 Watts Max, 80 MHz - 1000 MHz
• DC7205A, 250 Watts Max, 0.7 GHz - 6 GHz
• DC7435A, 200 Watts Max, 4 GHz - 18 GHz

Power meter and power heads

• PM2003 dual channel power meter, 10 kHz - 40 GHz
• PH2007A power head, 100 kHz - 18 GHz, (Two required)

Antennas and loads

• ATR80M6G Log periodic antenna, 80 MHz – 6 GHz
• ATT700M8G LP antenna, 700 MHz – 8 GHz
• ATH6G18 Horn antenna, 6 GHz – 18 GHz
• IEC 61000-4-6 requires BCI probes and/or CDNs

Receiver Model

• Keysight PXE

System Controller

• SCP2000M1

Total equipment list summary

• 1 Signal generator
• 4 Power amplifiers
• 4 Dual directional couplers
• 1 Dual channel power meter
• 2 Power heads.
• 1 RF receiver
• 3 Antennas and a variety of BCI probes and CDNs depending on the EUT
• 1 System controller

The diagram in Figure 3 details the system described in Example 1.

Example 2:
The goal in this example is to design a system to test for MIL-STD-461E RS103 compliance from 30 MHz – 40 GHz @ 200V/m (See Figure 4 for system diagram)

Equipment selection:

Signal generators

• Signal generator 1 (9 kHz – 1.2 GHz)
• Signal generator 2 (200 MHz – 40 GHz)

Power amplifiers

• 5000A225A, RF solid state amplifier, 5000 Watts min, 10 kHz – 225 MHz
• 2000W1000D RF solid state amplifier, 2000 Watts nominal, 80 MHz – 1 GHz
• 350S1G4A, Microwave solid state amplifier, 350 Watts min, 0.7 GHz – 4.2 GHz
• 200T4G8, Microwave TWT amplifier, 200 Watts min, 4GHz – 8 GHz
• 250T8G18, Microwave TWT amplifier, 250 Watts min, 7.5 GHz – 18 GHz
• 40T18G26A, Microwave TWT amplifier, 40 Watts min, 18 GHz – 26.5 GHz
• 40T26G40A, RF TWT amplifier, 40 Watts min, 26.5 GHz – 40 GHz

Dual directional couplers

• DC4255, 10 kW Max, 10 kHz - 250 MHz
• DC6380, 3000 Watts Max, 80 MHz - 1 GHz
• DC7154AM1, 400 Watts Max, 0.8 GHz – 4.2 GHz
• DC7350, 350 Watts Max, 2 GHz – 8 GHz
• DC7450M1, 3000 Watts Max, 7.5 GHz – 18 GHz
• DC7530, 300 Watts Max, 18 GHz – 26.5 GHz
• DC7620, 200 Watts Max, 26.5 GHz – 40 GHz

Power meter and power heads

• PM2003 dual channel power meter, 10 kHz - 40 GHz (Two required)
• PH2000 power head, 10 kHz - 8 GHz, (Two required)
• PH2010 power head, 30 MHz - 40 GHz, (Two required)

Antennas

• ATR26M250 Log periodic antenna, 26 MHz – 250 MHz
• ATH200M1G Horn antenna, 200 MHz – 1 GHz
• ATH800M5GA, 800 MHz – 5 GHz
• ATH2G10 Horn antenna, 2 GHz – 10 GHz
• ATH7G18 Horn antenna, 7.5 GHz – 18 GHz
• ATH18G27 Horn antenna, 18 GHz – 26.5 GHz
• ATH26G40 Horn antenna, 26.5 GHz – 40 GHz

System controller

• SCP2000M3
• SCP2000M4

The power levels required for this Mil-Std test exceed the power ratings of most commonly available RF switches. While available, RF switches capable of handling power well in excess of 10 kW are prohibitively large and quite expensive. It is for this reason the RF switches shown in the system diagram (Fig. 4) are only used to switch low level input signals. An added advantage of directly connecting power amplifiers to dedicated antennas is the elimination of the insertion loss inherent in any RF switch. This is especially important when testing at elevated levels such as 200V/m.

Total equipment list summary for Example 2:

• 2 Signal generators
• 7 Power amplifiers
• 7 Dual directional couplers
• 2 Dual channel power meters
• Power heads
• Antennas
• 2 System controllers

The system diagram in Figure 4 shows the system configured to accommodate the criteria set forth in example 2. Note that two system controllers are combined to automate this large system.

The SC2000 system controller discussed in this application note can be purchased in one of five different pre-configured variations, or SCP2000s, that cover a wide range of testing requirements. Consult the configuration guide shown in Table 1 to determine the SCP2000 model best suited for the specific task at hand.

Table 1: SCP2000 Configuration Guide

SLOT NUMBER	1		2	4	5		3
	SWITCHES INSTALLED
MODEL NUMBER	SW1	SW2	SW3	SW4	SW5	SW6	SW7
SCP2000	SMA	SMA	N	N	SMA
SCP2000M1	SMA	SMA	N	N	SMA	N
SCP2000M2	SMA	SMA			SMA
SCP2000M3	SMA	SMA			SMA	SMA
SCP2000M4	K	K			K	K
SCP2000M5	SMA	SMA			SMA	SMA	N

Conclusion

This application note has identified the benefits of automating EMC test systems. While the focus has been on the AR RF/Microwave Instrumentation family of RF test system controllers, it must be noted that automated systems require system software to function. The versatile SC2000 will operate well with emcware^® a comprehensive EMC test software package from AR RF/Microwave Instrumentation, or any customer supplied custom software. If you would like to learn more, feel free to contact one of our applications engineers at 800-933-8181, or visit our website at www.arworld.us.